REVISION NOTES FOR OSTEOLOGY OF UPPER LIMB
1.Clavicle
2.Scapula
3.Humerus
4.Ulna
5.Radius
6.Hand
Clavicle
There are two ends - Lateral end(acromion end)
- Medial end(sternal end)
There are two curves - Medial half convex anteriorly
- Lateral half concave anteriorly
Superior Surface - It is smooth.
Inferior Surface - It is rough. It has Conoid tubercle attached to conoid ligament(part
of coracoclavicular ligament).
- Has Trapezoid line attached to trapezoid ligament(part of coracoclavicular ligament).
- Has impression of Costoclavicular ligament.
- Subclavian groove ( for attachment of subclavius muscle).
- Nutrient foramen present on inferior surface, too.
Scapula
It is a triangular bone.
Present on the posterolateral aspect of thorax in between ribs 1 to 7.
Posterior Surface
- Divided by spine into Supraspinous fossa & Infraspinous fossa.
Anterior Surface
- It has Subscapular fossa. Which gives attachment to Subscapular muscle.
Scapula has total 3 angles(superior, inferior, lateral), 3 borders(medial, lateral, superior)
- Lateral border forms the head & neck of the scapula .
- Superior border have suprascapular notch.
Spine present on scapula enlarges laterally to acromion & articulates with clavicle.
Head of scapula contains glenoid cavity, supra & infra glenoid tubercle and has coracoid process.
Humerus
Articulates proximally to the head of the scapula & distally at the elbow joint with ulna & radius.
Anterior view of right side of humerus
Head of humerus articulates with scapula at glenohumeral joint within glenoid cavity.
It has anatomical & surgical neck. There is a tubercle present in both the necks. One is greater tubercle & another is lesser tubercle. Both are separated by intertubercle groove.
Shaft
- Laterally it has deltoid tuberosity.
- Inferiorly has medial & lateral supracondylar ridges.
- Distally has medial & lateral epicondyle.
Distally humerus has condyle which has two articulating surfaces (Trochlea & Capitulum).
Humerus has fossa named coronoid fossa & radial fossa.
Posterior view of right side of humerus
We can only see greater tubercle.
Shaft
- Posteriorly radial groove present.
- Inferiorly has medial & lateral supracondylar ridges present.
- Distally it has medial & lateral epicondyle.
We can see trochlea & capitulum condyle.
It has olecranon fossa.
Ulna
It is larger than radius &medially stabilizes the forearm.
Proximally - it has olecranon & coronoid process.
- There is a c-shaped trochlear notch which articulates with the trochlear of humerus.
- At coronoid process laterally it has radial notch & supinator crest. Inferiorly has tuberosity of ulna.
Shaft has sharp interosseous border.
Distally - has rounded head & ulnar styloid process. Which doesn't directly articulate with carpal bones. Separated by articular disc.
Radius
It is shorter than ulna & present laterally.
Proximally - has head, neck & radial tuberosity.
- Head articulates with capitulum of humerus & radius notch of ulna.
Shaft has sharp interosseous border & widens distally.
Distally - At medial side ulnar notch articulates with the head of ulna.
- at lateral side radial styloid notch is present.
- It has dorsal tubercle. Which is a pulley for extensor muscle of thumb.
Hand
It has
wrist(carpus) two rows of 4 carpal bones . Total 8 carpal bones. It provides flexibility.
Proximal row( lateral to medial ) - Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
Distal row( lateral to medial ) - Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
Palm(metacarpus) has 5 metacarpals bone. Bone has base, shaft & head.
Base articulates with distal row of carpal bones.
Shaft
Head articulates with the proximal phalanges( knuckles ).
Digits - there are three phalanges( proximal, middle & distal)
- Except for digit one(thumb) which has two.
- Each phalanx has base, shaft & head.
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