MEDICALSTUFFS: PSYC6204 Experimental Psychology (Part2)

Midterm Exam

Question 1

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When a researcher plays an active and significant role in the situation in which behavior is being recorded and when the researcher conceals the fact that observations are being made, the study represents

Select one:

An undisguised naturalistic observation.

A disguised structured observation.

A disguised participant observation.

An unobtrusive field experiment.

Question 2

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher develops a brief questionnaire measure of people's level of optimism. To determine whether his measure is a good one, he asks a sample of people to complete his questionnaire twice, separated by one month. At the second session, he also asks his participants to complete another measure of optimism-one that has been an accepted measure of optimism for many years. Using this procedure, the researcher is establishing the

Select one:

Reliability and validity of his measure.

Independent variable of optimism.

Precision and accuracy of his measure.

Nomothetic and idiographic features of optimism.

Question 3

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When using psychological measurement of a dimension such as aggression, psychologists often base their measurements of people's aggressiveness on

Select one:

Agreement among a number of observers regarding their ratings of behavior on an aggressiveness scale.

Consistency across operational definitions of aggression.

Availability of a precise measuring instrument, preferably based on a physiological response.

Consensus among researchers in the field of aggression as to the theoretical definition of aggression.

Question 4

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A health psychologist conducts an experiment to test the effectiveness of four techniques for helping a person to relax. The psychologist has a limited number of people available to participate in the experiment and each relaxation technique takes some time to complete. The psychologist has decided, therefore, to use the incomplete repeated measures design with all possible orders to balance practice effects. What is the minimum number of participants the psychologist will need for this experiment?

Select one:

Question 5

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following terms describes the ethical issue that arises when information is withheld from research participants or when they are given misinformation?

Select one:

Distortion

Deception

Plagiarism

Minimal risk

Question 6

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following designs is used when the researcher focuses on the way behavior changes with the systematic introduction and withdrawal of the treatment?

Select one:

Multiple baseline design

Case study

ABAB design

Successive treatment design

Question 7

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Surveys play an important role in a type of research that is intended to assess the covariation of naturally occurring variables with the goal of identifying predictive relationships. This general type of research is called

Select one:

Experimental research.

Analytical research.

Qualitative research.

Correlational research.

Question 8

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher administers a treatment to four children in succession and monitors whether each child's behavior changes with the onset of the treatment. The researcher is

Question 9

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Under which of the following circumstances is a participant observer more likely to have a significant effect on the behavior of the subjects being observed?

Select one:

When the group under observation is large and the activities of the participant observer are prominent

When the group under observation is small and the activities of the participant observer are disguised

When the group under observation is small and the activities of the participant observer are prominent

When the group under observation is large and the activities of the participant observer are disguised

Question 10

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Two control techniques that allow researchers to rule out alternative explanations for an outcome are balancing and

Select one:

Validation.

Establishing a covariation.

Holding conditions constant.

Establishing a time-order relationship.

Question 11

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A key factor when "thinking like a researcher" is to

Select one:

Rely on intuition.

Be skeptical.

Trust human inference.

Use common sense.

Question 12

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Counterbalancing is an important research technique because it is used to

Select one:

Average practice effects across conditions of an independent groups design.

Average individual differences variables across conditions of a repeated measures design.

All of these

Average practice effects across conditions of a repeated measures design.

Question 13

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Case studies have been used successfully to study individuals with brain disorders and individuals with exceptional memory abilities. These studies illustrate the use of the case study method to

Select one:

Study rare phenomena.

Test a clinical innovation.

Provide conclusive evidence for a particular theory.

Apply the nomothetic approach.

Question 14

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The three potential sources of systematic variation in a complex design experiment involving two independent variables include

Select one:

Two main effects and an interaction effect.

One main effect, a simple main effect, and an interaction effect.

Two main effects and a simple comparison effect.

One main effect, one interaction effect, and one error variation effect.

Question 15

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Each of the three techniques that are used to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design conforms to a general rule that can be stated as

Select one:

Each condition must appear in each ordinal position at least twice.

Each condition must appear in each ordinal position equally often.

Each condition must appear in only one ordinal position.

Each condition must appear in the first ordinal position equally often.

Question 16

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following patterns indicates that there has been no interaction effect in a complex design experiment when the results are plotted in a line graph?

Select one:

When the lines intersect forming a crossing pattern

When the lines are parallel

When the lines start out at the same point and diverge from each other

When the lines start out apart and converge to the same point

Question 17

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Placebo control groups and double-blind procedures are typically used to control for

Select one:

Selective subject loss and mechanical subject loss.

Individual differences variables and matching variables.

Manipulated variables and extraneous variables.

Demand characteristics and experimenter effects.

Question 18

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relative advantages of single-case experimental designs as compared to multiple-group designs in clinical research?

Select one:

Ethical problems arising from withholding a potentially beneficial treatment are less likely to arise in single-case designs than in multiple-group designs.

Single-case designs are especially useful when research is directed toward changing the behavior of large groups of individuals.

Multiple-group designs are more effective when an investigator in clinical research can gain access to only a small number of clients with a particular disorder.

Single-case designs are effective in identifying what treatments "in general" should be applied to modify behavior, but it is not possible to specify what effect the treatment will have on any specific individual.

Question 19

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher examined participants' memory following emotionally shocking events by manipulating whether participants viewed a violent or a nonviolent version of a video. The video in the two conditions was identical except for two seconds in which the violence variable was manipulated. That the video was identical except for the manipulation represents the control technique of

Select one:

A time-order relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Balancing the individual differences across the groups of the experiment.

Holding conditions constant in the experiment.

Confounding the independent variable.

Question 20

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Idiographic research, as represented by the case study method, has the potential to reveal

Select one:

Causal mechanisms underlying behavior.

Nuances and subtleties of individual behavior.

Contradictory effects in well-controlled treatment studies.

Definitive evidence for the effectiveness of a particular treatment.

Question 21

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

A "mixed design" is when one independent variable is manipulated as an independent groups variable and a second independent variable is manipulated as a repeated measures design.

A 2 x 3 complex design experiment has two independent variables.

The simplest complex design experiment has one independent variable and one dependent variable.

Factorial combination of two independent variables, each with three conditions, would yield six experimental conditions.

Question 22

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

There can be no confounding by individual differences variables in the repeated measures designs because

Select one:

Individual differences variables are held constant.

The same participants are tested in all conditions.

Participants are tested in only one condition of the experiment.

Intact groups of participants are assigned to the different conditions of the experiment.

Question 23

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The problem of selection bias in survey research is similar to the problem of ________ in research using archival data.

Select one:

Selective deposit

Selection threat to internal validity

Selective survival

Spurious relationships

Question 24

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Suppose a recent issue of the campus newspaper reported a survey about students' attitudes toward proposed changes in the required curriculum. Which of the following would you need to focus on most to decide whether the survey results reported in the paper can be generalized to the entire population of students?

Select one:

Number of students in the sample

Representativeness of the sample

Variability among students in the sample

Distinctiveness of the sample

Question 25

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In the Milgram obedience studies, deception took place because

Select one:

Psychological researchers don't usually wear white lab coats.

All the participants were male.

Participants believed they were shocking another person.

Participants were told the study was about obedience to authority figures.

Question 26

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following statements best describes the effects that occurred in the 2 x 2 design outlined in the following table? The dependent variable is memory for the tasks (out of a possible ten), and you may assume that any nonzero difference is statistically significant.

Select one:

There was a main effect of the type of task variable, no main effect of the depression variable, and an interaction effect of the two independent variables.

There was an interaction effect of the type of task and the depression variables but no main effect of either independent variable.

There were two main effects (one for the type of task variable and one for the depression variable) but no interaction effect of the two independent variables.

There was an interaction effect of the type of task and the depression variables and a main effect of each of the two independent variables.

Question 27

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Researchers manipulated exposure to body images by randomly assigning young girls to one of three conditions. They observed that young girls' body dissatisfaction was greatest after viewing very thin images of a Barbie doll compared to normal-weight images ("Emme" doll) or neutral images. The alternative explanation that girls in the Barbie condition might have weighed more prior to exposure to body images can be ruled out because the researchers

Select one:

Held constant the amount of time girls looked at images.

Manipulated the type of exposure with three conditions.

Randomly assigned girls to the different exposure conditions.

All of these

Question 28

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The relationship of the case study method to other research methods of investigation can best be described as

Select one:

Most related to research methods for confirmatory studies.

Very similar to experimental approaches.

Antagonistic to more controlled methods.

Interrelated with and complementary to other methods.

Question 29

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher plans to conduct a complete repeated measures design in which the independent variable is manipulated using four conditions that vary the level of violence depicted in a photograph (none, low, medium, high). There are 10 photographs in each of the four conditions. Each participant will rate each photo once. If the researcher wishes to have 80 ratings for each photo, how many participants should the researcher recruit?

Select one:

Question 30

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When a line graph is used to depict the results of a complex design, an interaction effect is indicated by

Select one:

Lines that change direction more than once.

Lines that change direction only once.

Parallel lines.

Nonparallel lines.

Question 31

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A marketing researcher wants to test the effectiveness of three different types of advertisement. Participants will respond to 50 examples of each type of advertisement so that the researcher can determine each person's preference. What type of design is this researcher using?

Select one:

Partial repeated measures design

Incomplete repeated measures design

Conditional repeated measures design

Complete repeated measures design

Question 32

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher interested in "inattentional blindness" has a confederate walk across a stage holding a large sign during the first class of an introductory psychology course. At the end of the class, assistants ask departing students if they know what the sign said. This is an example of

Select one:

Qualitative research.

Undisguised participant observation.

A field experiment.

Structured observation.

Question 33

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In order to conduct an experiment more efficiently, a researcher tests groups of participants in several small groups. The number of participants in each group differs because of participants' availability at different times. The different number of participants in each group represents a potential

Select one:

Extraneous variable problem.

Selective subject loss problem.

Experimenter effect.

Intact group problem.

Question 34

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Complex designs beyond the basic 2x 2 design can be constructed

Select one:

None of these

Only by increasing the numbers of levels of each independent variable (e.g., 3 x 3).

Only by increasing the numbers of independent variables but holding the levels of each at two (e.g., 2 x 2 x 2).

Either by increasing the numbers of levels of each independent variable or by increasing the numbers of independent variables or by doing both.

Question 35

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In a single-case experiment to treat a young girl's selective mutism (refusal to speak), treatment was applied at a restaurant, an office building, and when playing with peers. This represents

Select one:

An ABABAB design.

A case study.

A multiple-baseline design across situations.

A multiple-baseline design across behaviors.

Question 36

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Problems of observer bias can arise in the context of a case study because

Select one:

Extraneous variables are often uncontrolled.

The researcher is often both observer and participant.

Case studies typically involve unobtrusive observation.

The nomothetic approach is especially prone to observer bias.

Question 37

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In the nomothetic approach to the study of psychology, researchers generally conduct

Select one:

Studies of many individuals and use their average behavior to describe how people behave in general.

Studies of many individuals and use their average behavior to describe the unique aspects of individuals.

Intensive studies of an individual to describe the unique aspects of individuals.

Intensive studies of an individual to describe the way people behave in general.

Question 38

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design are balanced by

Select one:

First obtaining a summary score within each condition for each participant.

Subtracting the results for the different groups of participants in the experiment.

Averaging across the results for all participants.

Ensuring first that the results for each participant are balanced across conditions.

Question 39

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In the incomplete repeated measures design, the levels of the independent variable for each participant are perfectly confounded with the

Select one:

Characteristics of the experimental task.

Individual differences variables in the experiment.

Order in which the levels are presented.

Characteristics of that particular participant.

Question 40

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

An important goal of sampling is to identify a _______ that will be representative of the ________.

Select one:

Sample; sampling frame

Population; sample

Sample; population

Sampling frame; sample

Question 41

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In sampling, the specific list of the elements of the population is called the

Select one:

Sampling frame.

Survey set.

Representative sample.

Sample.

Question 42

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Balancing the order of conditions in a repeated measures design

Select one:

Equates practice effects with those found in random groups designs.

Eliminates practice effects in the conditions of the experiment.

Averages practice effects across the conditions of the experiment.

Balances individual differences variables across the conditions of the experiment.

Question 43

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher designs a 2 x 2 x 2 complex design in which the first independent variable uses a random groups design, the second independent variable uses a natural groups design, and the third independent variable uses a repeated measures design. The researcher wants to have 20 participants in each independent groups condition. How many participants will she need to recruit?

Select one:

160

Question 44

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

One major purpose of conducting experiments is to decide whether a treatment or program effectively changes behavior. A second major purpose for doing experiments is to provide

Select one:

An empirical test of hypothesis derived from theories.

Definitive answers to theoretical questions.

Simple and relatively quick ways of testing and revising hypotheses.

Methods to obtain results that confirm our hypothesis.

Question 45

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following samples would be representative of a population that is 75% women and 25% men?

Select one:

75 women, 25 men

All of these

60 women, 20 men

225 women, 75 men

Question 46

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

An experiment that is described as a 3 x 3 x 2 is one that has

Select one:

Three independent variables, two with 3 levels and one with 2 levels.

One independent variable with a total of 8 conditions.

Two independent variables with 3 levels and two dependent variables with 2 levels.

Two independent variables, each with three levels and 18 conditions.

Question 47

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The ethical principles for research developed by the American Psychological Association

Select one:

Forbid the use of animals in research investigations.

Guide researchers regarding the ethical dilemmas that occur with human and animal research subjects.

State that researchers may never deceive research participants about the nature of the investigation.

All of these

Question 48

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In a complex factorial design described as a 2 x 4, there are

Select one:

Two independent variables and four dependent variables.

Four independent variables, each with two levels.

One independent variable with two levels and one independent variable with four levels.

Two independent variables, each with four levels.

Question 49

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When selecting a sample to best represent the population, probability sampling is _________ than nonprobability sampling.

Select one:

More convenient

Far worse

More biased

Far superior

Question 50

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Researchers are more likely to achieve reliable observations when

Select one:

Two observers provide unique descriptions of an event.

One observer reports having observed a very unusual event.

One observer has spent a long time observing an event.

Two observers show agreement in their descriptions of an event.

Final Quize1

Question 1

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Research done in natural settings, as compared to research done in laboratory settings, is more likely to emphasize

Select one:

Practical goals.

Ethical goals.

Methodological goals.

Abstract goals.

Question 2

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When it comes to control over the conditions in the experiment or over the assignment of participants to groups in the experiment, a researcher in a natural setting is likely to have

Select one:

More control over the conditions in the experiment but less control over assignment of participants.

The same amount of control as a researcher in a laboratory setting.

Less control than a researcher in a laboratory setting.

More control than a researcher in a laboratory setting.

Question 3

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The value that splits a frequency distribution into two halves, each half with the same number of values, is the

Select one:

Median.

Mean.

Standard deviation.

Mode.

Question 4

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The mean of a random sample of scores is a point estimate of

Select one:

The center of a distribution.

Population variability.

The population mean.

Standard error of the mean.

Question 5

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Distributions of scores for two groups in an experiment can be compared by

Select one:

Arranging a stem-and-leaf display for each group side-by-side.

Preparing one stem-and-leaf display using the scores for both groups.

None of these

Arranging the "stems" for both groups in one stem-and-leaf display and the "leaves" for both groups in a second stem-and-leaf display.

Question 6

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The estimated standard error of the mean is equal to the sample ______ divided by _______.

Select one:

Standard deviation; N - 1

Standard deviation; N

Standard deviation; √N

Variance; N

Question 7

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

An advantage of a stem-and-leaf display is that

Select one:

It is a graph of the mean, median, and mode.

It reveals the shape of a distribution and the presence of any outliers.

The intervals tells us how well our sample mean estimates the population mean.

It reveals whether the relationship between two variables is linear.

Question 8

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The standard deviation is equal to the square root of

Select one:

The variance.

The sum of squared deviations from the mean.

N - 1.

The standard error of the mean.

Question 9

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In the context of conducting experiments in natural settings, random assignment of participants to conditions is

Select one:

Usually perceived by possible participants as the fairest procedure.

Usually perceived by those in positions of authority as the fairest procedure.

The fairest procedure if the effectiveness of the treatment is not known.

The fairest procedure if the effectiveness of the treatment is known.

Question 10

Complete

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The _________ the value of the estimated standard error of the mean, the _________ our estimate of the population mean.

Select one:

Smaller; lower

Smaller; better

Larger; better

Larger; higher

Final Quize2

Question 1

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The second page of a formal, written research manuscript prepared according to APA format is the

Select one:

Abstract.

Introduction.

Title page.

Author Notes.

Question 2

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When deciding how to make a claim about the effect of a variable, researchers should

Select one:

Be aware of limitations association with null hypotheses significance testing.

Report the results of significance testing instead of measures of effect size.

Use the most complicated analysis to tease out the fullest effects.

Not use confidence intervals.

Question 3

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The probability we use to define a statistically significant outcome is called

Select one:

An effect size.

The null hypothesis.

Alpha.

A margin of error.

Question 4

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When an researcher submits a manuscript for publication, a number of experts in the field of the research evaluate the manuscript. This process is known as

Select one:

APA format.

Editorial evaluation.

Discussion group.

Peer review.

Question 5

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A threat to internal validity that occurs when information about the experiment is communicated between the different groups of participants is known as

Select one:

Contamination.

The Hawthorne effect.

Novelty effects.

Expectancy effects.

Question 6

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In a study of the effectiveness of a treatment for depression, a psychologist assessed patients' symptoms of depression using a reliable questionnaire both before and for several months after treatment. The results indicated that the patients experienced a decrease in their symptoms over the 8-month time period of the study. One threat to internal validity the researcher should consider is

Select one:

Testing.

Regression.

Maturation.

All of these

Question 7

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Having calculated a 95% confidence interval for a single population mean we may state that the odds are 95/100 that the

Select one:

Sample mean is the same as the population mean.

Population mean equals 95.

Obtained interval contains the population mean.

Population mean falls in the interval.

Question 8

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

About ______ percent of the manuscripts submitted for publication in American Psychological Association journals are accepted for publication.

Select one:

Question 9

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The title of a research manuscript should

Select one:

Inform readers of important variables or theoretical issues in the research.

Be "flashy" to attract potential readers to the research.

Include the author's name, such as "John Doe's Study of Personality and Behavior".

Include the goals and the primary methodological design of the research.

Question 10

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

To construct a confidence interval for a comparison between two independent group means we substitute the ____________ for a single sample mean.

Select one:

Difference between the sample mean and the population mean

Difference between two population means

Difference between two sample means

Population mean

Final Exam

Question 1

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A physician wants to test the effectiveness of a new allergy medication. The physician consults a researcher who regularly conducts clinical trials. The physician tells the researcher that she has a backlog of 100 patients she is treating effectively with the current leading medication, but who could potentially benefit even more from the new medication. The researcher recommends that the physician do a true experiment because of the availability of

Select one:

A quasi-treatment control group.

A convenience control group.

An excess-demand control group.

A waiting-list control group.

Question 2

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The most commonly used measure of central tendency is the

Select one:

Mean.

Mode.

Range.

Median.

Question 3

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The value that splits a frequency distribution into two halves, each half with the same number of values, is the

Select one:

Median.

Standard deviation.

Mode.

Mean.

Question 4

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In clinical trials involving tests of new medical treatments, it may be extremely difficult to get patients to agree to be randomly assigned to either the treatment or the control group. In these situations researchers can use

Select one:

Natural groups designs.

Yoked control designs.

Matched groups designs.

Quasi-experimental designs.

Question 5

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The null hypothesis is the assumption that the independent variable

Select one:

Had an effect.

Did not have an effect.

Is a relevant variable.

Is statistically significant.

Question 6

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following is not a major stage of data analysis?

Select one:

Getting to know the data

Transforming the data

Summarizing the data

Confirming what the data reveal

Question 7

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

An advantage of a stem-and-leaf display is that

Select one:

It reveals whether the relationship between two variables is linear.

It reveals the shape of a distribution and the presence of any outliers.

The intervals tells us how well our sample mean estimates the population mean.

It is a graph of the mean, median, and mode.

Question 8

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The level of significance, or alpha, in psychological research is generally set at

Select one:

.05.

.50.

.10.

.01.

Question 9

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The primary factor that researchers use to control the power of a statistical test is

Select one:

The size of the treatment effect.

Choosing a more heterogeneous population.

The level of significance.

The sample size.

Question 10

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following procedures would not be expected during the first stage of data analysis?

Select one:

Checking for errors

Performing tests using inferential statistics

Looking for outliers

Visualizing the distribution with graphical displays

Question 11

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The abstract of your research article is best written

Select one:

After you have written the rest of your report.

After writing the introduction.

Before you write the body of the report.

Before you do the research.

Question 12

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Assume that the results of an F-test are reported as: F(2, 42) = 7.30, p = .01. On the basis of this information we may conclude that

Select one:

There were 42 total subjects in the experiment.

There were two independent groups in the experiment.

The results are statistically significant.

All of these

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Question 13

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A coherent "story" of data analysis for a study will include

Select one:

Justifications for conclusions.

Counter arguments for opposing interpretations of the findings.

All of these

An explanation of the findings.

Question 14

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Participants for a treatment group are chosen because they score very low on a pretest measure of performance. When their performance improves on the posttest, the researcher

Select one:

Should consider the possibility that statistical regression influenced posttest scores.

Must conclude that additive effects with selection are responsible for the outcome.

Can be confident that the treatment was effective.

Can rule out testing and instrumentation threats to internal validity.

Question 15

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher tested a treatment and a control group in an experiment with 15 subjects in each group. Although a t-test indicated the means for the dependent variable were not statistically different, the effect size for the independent variable was .50. A power analysis revealed that the power of the study was .26. This means that

Select one:

The probability of obtaining a statistically significant difference for this experiment is .74 (1 - .26).

A statistically significant outcome would be obtained in approximately 1 in 4 attempts with this sample size and effect size.

The value of the t-statistic is 0.13 (.50 x .26).

The difference between means in the experiment was .26.

Question 16

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A major approach to "confirming what the data reveal" is the calculation of

Select one:

Standard deviations.

Stem-and-leaf displays.

Confidence intervals for a population parameter.

Measures of central tendency.

Question 17

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

One threat to the internal validity of research that affects both true experiments and quasi-experiments is

Select one:

All of these

Selection threats.

Additive effects with selection.

Experimenter expectancy effects.

Question 18

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which is not one of the four major sections that make up the body of a research report?

Select one:

Appendices

Results

Introduction

Discussion

Question 19

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The F-test provides a statistic that represents the ratio of between-group variation in the data to

Select one:

Degrees of freedom.

Total variation in the data.

Within-group variation.

Sample size.

Question 20

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A threat to internal validity that occurs when information about the experiment is communicated between the different groups of participants is known as

Select one:

Novelty effects.

Contamination.

Expectancy effects.

The Hawthorne effect.

Question 21

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A psychologist conducts a study to test a new treatment. The effect of treatment is statistically significant; the effect size is small according to accepted criteria. When considering the practical or clinical significance of the finding, the psychologist is likely to be concerned about

Select one:

Whether the study is free of confoundings.

All of these

The external validity of the finding.

The financial cost of implementing the treatment.

Question 22

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The most critical defining characteristic of a true experiment is often seen to be a high degree of control over the

Select one:

Choice of dependent variables.

Arrangement of experimental conditions.

Systematic manipulation of independent variables.

Random assignment of participants to experimental conditions.

Question 23

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The literature review in the introduction section of a research report should include

Select one:

Complete descriptions of the hypotheses, methodology, and findings of previous research related to the research topic.

The studies that are most directly related to the research topic.

Only previous studies that describe theories related to the research topic.

All of the previous research that is relevant to the topic.

Question 24

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The expected value of the F-statistic when the null hypothesis is true is ________.

Select one:

1.00

.50

.05

0.0

Question 25

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The second page of a formal, written research manuscript prepared according to APA format is the

Select one:

Title page.

Introduction.

Author Notes.

Abstract.

Question 26

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The main purpose of the Abstract in a research report is to

Select one:

Provide a concise description of the study's procedures so the study can be replicated.

Provide a logical development of the study's hypotheses.

Summarize the purpose of the study and the content of the research report.

Identify the authors of the research and their affiliations.

Question 27

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A result that is not "statistically significant" means that

Select one:

The null hypothesis is definitely false and should be rejected.

The null hypothesis is definitely true and should be accepted.

We should conclude that the independent variable had no effect whatsoever.

Without more information, we should be cautious about concluding that the independent variable did not have an effect.

Question 28

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The Sports Illustrated jinx refers to the idea that athletes who are featured on the cover of the magazine after exceptional performances typically perform worse in subsequent competitions. The most likely statistical explanation of this phenomenon is

Select one:

A decrease in the standard deviation of opposing athletes' effort during subsequence competitions.

An increase standard deviation for the amount of pressure the athletes experience.

An increase in the mean level of athletes' arrogance.

Regression toward the mean level of performance.

Question 29

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

To avoid unbiased communication when referring to human participants in your study, you should describe them

Select one:

In the most general terms.

Using ethnic labels that make you comfortable.

Using specific descriptions.

Using the word "subjects."

Question 30

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The most common error associated with null hypothesis testing in psychological research is

Select one:

A Type I error.

Too much power.

A Type II error.

Random sampling.

Question 31

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When, from the outset of an experiment, differences exist between the kinds of individuals in one group and those in another group, there is a potential threat to internal validity called

Select one:

Contamination.

Additive effect of selection and history.

Selection.

Attrition.

Question 32

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Assume that the results of an F-test for a single-factor experiment are reported as: F(2, 42) = 7.30, p = .01. On the basis of this information we may conclude that there were _______ independent groups in this experiment.

Select one:

Three

Five

Four

Two

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Question 33

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

A researcher trains observers to complete checklists while observing children's behavior on the schoolyard during recess. Over the course of the study, observers become more reliable in their observations. Any effect of a treatment in this study might be confounded with an ____________ threat to internal validity.

Select one:

Instrumentation

Expectancy effect

Additive

Observation

Question 34

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The title of a research manuscript should

Select one:

Inform readers of important variables or theoretical issues in the research.

Be "flashy" to attract potential readers to the research.

Include the goals and the primary methodological design of the research.

Include the author's name, such as "John Doe's Study of Personality and Behavior".

Question 35

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Distributions of scores for two groups in an experiment can be compared by

Select one:

Arranging a stem-and-leaf display for each group side-by-side.

Arranging the "stems" for both groups in one stem-and-leaf display and the "leaves" for both groups in a second stem-and-leaf display.

None of these

Preparing one stem-and-leaf display using the scores for both groups.

Question 36

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion or variability?

Select one:

Standard deviation

Variance

Confidence interval

Range

Question 37

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The difference between a true experiment conducted in a natural setting and a quasi-experiment conducted in a natural setting is that the

Select one:

None of these

Quasi-experiment will lack a comparison condition.

Quasi-experiment will have greater external validity.

Quasi-experiment will have greater internal validity.

Question 38

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In general, the estimated standard error of the mean provides information about how well the sample mean estimates

Select one:

The population mean.

The true standard error of the mean.

Population variability.

The population variance.

Question 39

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

An intervention in an office setting leads employees to be pleased that the management is interested in their welfare. If the employees' performance improves in this situation, the researcher should be concerned about potential

Select one:

Campbell effects.

Contamination effects.

Novelty effects such as the Hawthorne effect.

Lack of discontinuity in the time series.

Question 40

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The value of the F-statistic in a single-factor experiment is determined by dividing the Between-Group Mean Square by the

Select one:

Total Sum of Squares.

Degrees of freedom.

Between-Group Sum of Squares.

Within-Group Mean Square.

Question 41

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The "margin of error" for a mean value provides a range of values that are likely to contain the

Select one:

Effect size.

Sample standard deviation.

Sample mean.

Population mean.

Question 42

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When individuals' performance on a posttest differs from their initial testing not because of a treatment but because of familiarity with the measure, a __________ threat to internal validity is likely.

Select one:

Testing

Contamination

Regression

Instrumentation

Question 43

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

When calculating Cohen's d as a measure of effect size, the difference between two means is

Select one:

Divided by N - 1.

Divided by the population standard deviation.

Placed in the denominator.

Divided by N.

Question 44

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Computer-assisted data analysis requires that the researcher have a good knowledge of

Select one:

Research design and statistics.

Computer hardware.

Null hypothesis testing.

Computer software.

Question 45

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The appropriate inferential test when each subject participates in both conditions of an experiment is

Select one:

A margin of error.

A repeated measures t-test.

A t-test for independent groups.

A between-subjects t-test.

Question 46

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The 95% confidence interval for a population mean is calculated as follows:

Select one:

Sample mean ± (.95) (estimated standard error)

Sample mean ± (t critical) (estimated standard error)

Population mean ± (.95) (estimated standard error)

Population mean ± (t critical) (estimated standard error)

Question 47

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The most frequently used inferential statistics test when comparing more than two means is

Select one:

T-test for independent groups.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Correlation coefficient, r.

Repeated measures t.

Question 48

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The probability we use to define a statistically significant outcome is called

Select one:

An effect size.

The null hypothesis.

A margin of error.

Alpha.

Question 49

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The external validity of research done in natural settings is likely to be emphasized more when the research represents

Select one:

A theoretically motivated social psychology experiment.

Social experimentation as the basis for large-scale changes.

An extension of a specific laboratory finding.

an experiment done to address a specific question raised by a specific company.

Question 50

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Having calculated a 95% confidence interval for a difference between two means, we may conclude that the odds are 95/100 that the

Select one:

Difference between the sample mean is the same as the difference between the population means.

True population mean difference falls in the interval.

Population mean difference is less than 95.

Obtained interval contains the true population mean difference.

For part 1

Pages

Saturday, June 12, 2021

PSYC6204 Experimental Psychology (Part2)

Question 1

Question text

Question 2

Question text

Question 3

Question text

Question 4

Question text

Question 5

Question text

Question 6

Question text

Question 7

Question text

Question 8

Question text

Question 9

Question text

Question 10

Question text

Question 11

Question text

Question 12

Question text

Question 13

Question text

Question 14

Question text

Question 15

Question text

Question 16

Question text

Question 17

Question text

Question 18

Question text

Question 19

Question text

Question 20

Question text

Question 21

Question text

Question 22

Question text

Question 23

Question text

Question 24

Question text

Question 25

Question text

Question 26

Question text

Question 27

Question text

Question 28

Question text

Question 29

Question text

Question 30

Question text

Question 31

Question text

Question 32

Question text

Question 33

Question text

Question 34

Question text

Question 35

Question text

Question 36

Question text

Question 37

Question text

Question 38

Question text

Question 39