MEDICALSTUFFS: PSYC6204 Experimental Psychology (Part1)

Prelim Quize1

Question 1

Incorrect

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An example of a violation of scientific integrity is

Select one:

Using the number of scientific publications authored by a researcher to make decisions about professional advancement.

Selectively reporting research findings when making a claim about behavior.

Using a debriefing procedure following an experiment that involves deception.

Using animal subjects in research.

Question 2

Correct

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The broad trend that describes the historical development of scientific psychology may be characterized as

Select one:

Unchanging; current scientific psychology is much as it was at its inception.

A focus on a small, specific set of behaviors in order to establish the science as legitimate.

Conflicted, with much disagreement about the role of spiritualism in psychology.

Shifts in theoretical perspectives from behaviorism, to cognitive perspectives, to neuroscience emphases.

Question 3

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The social-cultural context in which research takes places influences psychological research by affecting

Select one:

The resources available for psychological research.

The moral integrity of individual researchers.

The change in theoretical perspectives from behaviorism to cognitive psychology.

All of these

Question 4

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A university researcher rates the degree of control and independence people demonstrate in response to a natural disaster. He determines that individuals with higher education make better choices following the disaster. The potential issue of _______________ may occur in this research.

Select one:

Ethnocentric bias

Agentic bias

Multiculturalism

Principled ethics

Question 5

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The "scientific method" refers to

Select one:

The specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research.

An abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions.

The development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes.

Historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place.

Question 6

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The idea that psychological research involves "WEIRDOs" refers to

Select one:

The suggestion that psychological findings are skewed when research is conducted on the Internet.

The need for more funding for research in clinical psychology.

The fact that most research participants come from a specific social and economic background.

The finding that Americans represent less than 5% of the world's population.

Question 7

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At the end of the 19th century, the young field of psychology was a subdiscipline of

Select one:

Philosophy.

Theology.

Neuroscience.

Medicine.

Question 8

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Most recently, the dominant psychological perspective for understanding people's behavior and mental processes is

Select one:

Cognitive psychology.

Behaviorism.

Clinical psychology.

Computer and Internet psychology.

Question 9

Correct

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The development of psychophysical methods and reaction-time experiments at the end of the 19th century was important to the emerging field of psychology because these methods

Select one:

Were instrumental in the development of behaviorism in the 20th century.

Allowed researchers to provide information to the public about mental telepathy and clairvoyance.

Helped psychology to become a quantifiable, laboratory-based science.

Formed a foundation for the work of Sigmund Freud.

Question 10

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An important factor in the advancement of cognitive psychology during the 20th century was the

Select one:

Development of brain imaging techniques.

Shift from spiritualism to behaviorism.

Computer revolution.

Award of the Nobel Prize to several important psychologists.

Prelim Quize2

Question 1

Correct

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If you want to conduct research at your college or university, you should inquire about the appropriate procedure for institutional review of your research

Select one:

No earlier than when you submit your findings for your degree requirements.

Before starting your research project.

At any time during your research project.

Before you have completed your research project.

Question 2

Incorrect

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Greater risk in a research study is acceptable when

Select one:

Valid and interpretable results will be produced.

All of these

Clear and immediate benefits to the participants are expected.

The research has obvious scientific and social value.

Question 3

Correct

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The risk/benefit ratio that is used in ethical decision making represents

Select one:

A definitive basis for making ethical decisions.

A mathematical ratio with calculable components.

A subjective evaluation of risks and benefits.

An objective, rule-based evaluation of risks and benefits.

Question 4

Correct

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When scientists report their findings they strive to describe

Select one:

Only what they have observed.

What they have observed along with their inferences.

Only aspects of what they have observed that differ from what they expected to observe.

Only their inferences about behavior.

Question 5

Correct

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The primary means scientists use to establish control in their observations is to

Select one:

Systematically manipulate an independent variable in an experiment.

Observe many dependent variables.

Train multiple observers.

Establish the accuracy and precision of their measurements.

Question 6

Correct

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People's tendency to select news programs that do not challenge their attitudes or beliefs is explained by

Select one:

Hypothesis testing.

A skeptical attitude.

Confirmation bias.

Controlled observation.

Question 7

Correct

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If a psychology student wants to do research involving human participants, which of the following has the ultimate authority to approve, disapprove, or require modifications prior to the approval of the student's research?

Select one:

The faculty sponsor of the research

The department chairperson

The university's Institutional Review Board (IRB)

The university's IACUC

Question 8

Correct

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Which of the following represents the basic question addressed by the risk/benefit ratio?

Select one:

Are the benefits (to individual participants and society) of a study greater than the risks?

Are the risks in a study greater than minimal risk?

Are the benefits gained by individuals greater than the risks posed to society?

Will the researcher's reputation be enhanced or hurt by the study's findings?

Question 9

Correct

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Based on investigations with the horse Clever Hans, an important factor researchers should seek to control when testing whether dogs can sniff cancer in urine samples is

Select one:

That some samples should come from people and some from horses.

That the urine samples should come from a diverse group of patients.

Whether, during testing, the dogs can see people who know which samples came from cancer patients.

Whether the dogs are tested indoors or outdoors.

Question 10

Correct

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When intelligence is defined using a paper-and-pencil test that emphasizes understanding of logical relationships and familiarity with the meaning of words, intelligence is being defined with

Select one:

A hypothetical definition.

A construct definition.

A conceptual definition.

An operational definition.

Prelim Exam

Question 1

Incorrect

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The extent to which findings from a study can be used to describe different populations, settings, and conditions is referred to as

Select one:

External validity.

Sampling.

Internal validity.

The multimethod approach.

Question 2

Correct

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Which of the following is a cognitive error that can cause confirmation bias because we perceive a relationship when none exists?

Select one:

Spurious relationship

Illusory correlation

Subjective reporting

Covariation of cause and effect

Question 3

Correct

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When there is no way to connect a research participant's responses with that participant's identifying information (e.g., name, identification number), the responses are said to be

Select one:

Consensual.

Confidential.

Anonymous.

Minimal.

Question 4

Correct

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Question text

Which one of the following statements does not characterize scientific observation?

Select one:

Researchers rely heavily on their memory when recording their observations.

The observations are made in a systematic manner with careful record keeping.

Observations are made under precisely defined conditions.

Every effort is made to observe behavior objectively by avoiding personal and situational biases.

Question 5

Correct

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Question text

An example of a violation of scientific integrity is

Select one:

Using the number of scientific publications authored by a researcher to make decisions about professional advancement.

Selectively reporting research findings when making a claim about behavior.

Using a debriefing procedure following an experiment that involves deception.

Using animal subjects in research.

Question 6

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

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Question text

As an approach to knowledge, the scientific method relies on

Select one:

Subjective measurement.

Intuitive hypotheses.

Deductive theorizing.

Empirical procedures.

Question 7

Correct

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Question text

Which of the following statements about the historical context of psychology is true?

Select one:

Only a few key scientists have contributed important findings to the science of psychology.

The theoretical perspective of behaviorism has dominated the science of psychology since its inception.

By investigating a wide array of topics over time, psychologists have demonstrated the complexity of human behavior.

Topics and theoretical perspectives have changed very little in more than 100 years of psychological research.

Question 8

Correct

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Researchers who conduct research with individuals who have limited ability to understand the nature of the research and its possible risks

Select one:

Must obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and should strive, when feasible, to get assent from the participants themselves.

Do not need to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian, nor get assent from the participants themselves.

Do not need to obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardians and should strive, when feasible, to get assent from the participants themselves.

Must obtain informed consent from the parents or legal guardian and from the participants themselves.

Question 9

Correct

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The factors that the researcher controls or manipulates in order to determine their effect on behavior are called the

Select one:

Dependent variables.

Relevant variables.

Independent variables.

Intervening variables.

Question 10

Correct

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In a study investigating the effects of two different types of music on students' test performance, the music represents the

Select one:

Applied variable.

Dependent variable.

Intervening variable.

Independent variable.

Question 11

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

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Question text

The "scientific method" refers to

Select one:

Historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place.

The specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research.

An abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions.

The development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes.

Question 12

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

In an experiment that compares aggressive responses following exposure to media violence (present, absent) in television programming, "aggressive responses" is the __________ and "exposure to media violence" is the __________.

Select one:

Operational definition; construct

Independent variable; dependent variable

Dependent variable; independent variable

Construct; operational definition

Question 13

Correct

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The empirical approach emphasizes

Select one:

Control and qualitative analysis.

Intuition and skepticism.

Reliability and confirmation.

Direct observation and experimentation.

Question 14

Correct

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Question text

The term scientists use to refer to a psychological concept is

Select one:

Construct.

Variability.

Operational definition.

Validity.

Question 15

Correct

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Question text

In using time sampling to gain a representative sample of behavior, the intervals in which the observations are to be made should be selected

Select one:

Only systematically.

Either randomly or systematically, or both.

Economically.

Only randomly.

Question 16

Correct

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Which of the following is an accepted check that scientists can use to determine whether a scientific report is unbiased?

Select one:

Clear operational definitions

Agreement between observers

Parsimony of explanation

The precision of the data that are reported

Question 17

Correct

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Time sampling is not an effective method for sampling behavior that occurs infrequently. To observe behaviors in situations that occur infrequently, researchers choose

Select one:

Random sampling.

Defined sampling.

Event sampling.

Field sampling.

Question 18

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The broad trend that describes the historical development of scientific psychology may be characterized as

Select one:

Shifts in theoretical perspectives from behaviorism, to cognitive perspectives, to neuroscience emphases.

Conflicted, with much disagreement about the role of spiritualism in psychology.

Unchanging; current scientific psychology is much as it was at its inception.

A focus on a small, specific set of behaviors in order to establish the science as legitimate.

Question 19

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The idea that psychological research involves "WEIRDOs" refers to

Select one:

The suggestion that psychological findings are skewed when research is conducted on the Internet.

The fact that most research participants come from a specific social and economic background.

The need for more funding for research in clinical psychology.

The finding that Americans represent less than 5% of the world's population.

Question 20

Incorrect

Mark 0.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Greater risk in a research study is acceptable when

Select one:

Valid and interpretable results will be produced.

Clear and immediate benefits to the participants are expected.

All of these

The research has obvious scientific and social value.

Question 21

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

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Question text

An operational definition of a construct is

Select one:

Reliable, because it is consistent.

An intervening variable that connects independent and dependent variables.

Valid, because it is truthful.

A specific procedure for producing or measuring the construct.

Question 22

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

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Question text

Most recently, the dominant psychological perspective for understanding people's behavior and mental processes is

Select one:

Clinical psychology.

Computer and Internet psychology.

Behaviorism.

Cognitive psychology.

Question 23

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

The social-cultural context in which research takes places influences psychological research by affecting

Select one:

The change in theoretical perspectives from behaviorism to cognitive psychology.

All of these

The moral integrity of individual researchers.

The resources available for psychological research.

Question 24

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

Question text

Researchers must use special safeguards to protect human participants when

Select one:

Informed consent is not required.

More than minimal risk is present.

Anonymous questionnaires are used.

Behavior is observed in the public domain.

Question 25

Incorrect

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Ethical issues associated with Internet (online) research

Select one:

Include informed consent, debriefing, and confidentiality.

All of these

Are not subject to the APA Code of Ethics.

Are not as serious as those associated with in-person research because Internet research is more anonymous.

Question 26

Correct

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Question text

A researcher seeks to describe behavior at an airport security screening area during a busy holiday travel time. Because there are far too many people for the researcher to observe effectively, she should use

Select one:

Naturalistic observation.

Situation sampling.

Subject sampling.

Running records.

Question 27

Correct

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Question text

One way that psychologists seek to improve people's lives is by

Select one:

Shifting from behaviorism to a cognitive approach to psychology.

Using their intuition and common sense to answer questions about behavior.

Developing theories and conducting research.

Relying on the medical model to understand human behavior.

Question 28

Correct

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Participants in a study described as investigating "aspects of intelligence and social awareness" completed "intelligence problems" in small groups. Without their knowledge, half of the students were given easy problems, and half were given difficult problems. The students with easy problems finished easily in the allotted time, while the remaining students struggled. After the intelligence problems, the investigators asked students to complete social comparison measures (i.e., how they rate themselves compared to others). Participants in this study

Select one:

Experienced minimal risk, because students take tests as part of their everyday life.

Did not require debriefing because the investigator described the purpose of the study.

Were "at risk," because of the deception.

Did not face social risk because they were anonymous.

Question 29

Correct

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Researchers use time sampling to obtain

Select one:

As many observation intervals as possible.

The highest possible interobserver reliability.

A representative sample of behavior.

An internally valid set of observations.

Question 30

Correct

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One disadvantage that results from the use of operational definitions is that

Select one:

The reliability and validity of the operational definition become equivalent.

A potentially limitless number of operational definitions exists for any construct.

Communication among scientists becomes confused.

The number of psychological constructs becomes smaller.

Midterm Quize1

Question 1

Complete

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A researcher develops a brief questionnaire measure of people's level of optimism. To determine whether his measure is a good one, he asks a sample of people to complete his questionnaire twice, separated by one month. At the second session, he also asks his participants to complete another measure of optimism-one that has been an accepted measure of optimism for many years. Using this procedure, the researcher is establishing the

Select one:

Independent variable of optimism.

Reliability and validity of his measure.

Precision and accuracy of his measure.

Nomothetic and idiographic features of optimism.

Question 2

Complete

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For a class research project, students conceal themselves in bathroom stalls in order to observe conversational behavior of individuals at sinks in the washroom. They count the number of words spoken by women and men in their respective washrooms. The most important ethical issue in this research is

Select one:

Deception.

Privacy.

Debriefing.

Informed consent.

Question 3

Complete

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A researcher interested in "inattentional blindness" has a confederate walk across a stage holding a large sign during the first class of an introductory psychology course. At the end of the class, assistants ask departing students if they know what the sign said. This is an example of

Select one:

Undisguised participant observation.

Qualitative research.

A field experiment.

Structured observation.

Question 4

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Which of the following arises when the independent variable of interest and an unintended independent variable are allowed to covary?

Select one:

Illusory correlation

Confounding

Decrease in external validity

Contamination effect

Question 5

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When a survey has been created and administered by a sponsoring organization, such as a company or institution, we should

Select one:

Automatically ignore the survey results.

Examine whether the survey data have been selectively analyzed or reported.

Assume the research will be poor quality.

Conclude the survey results will always be biased in favor of the sponsoring organization.

Question 6

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Which of the following has been used as an argument for the use of deception in psychological research?

Select one:

Deception contradicts the principle of informed consent in research.

General moral principles are sometimes suspended in other areas of life, such as in legal and medical practice.

Deception causes people to not trust experts.

Deception is used so infrequently in psychological research that it should be banned.

Question 7

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When using psychological measurement of a dimension such as aggression, psychologists often base their measurements of people's aggressiveness on

Select one:

Consistency across operational definitions of aggression.

Agreement among a number of observers regarding their ratings of behavior on an aggressiveness scale.

Consensus among researchers in the field of aggression as to the theoretical definition of aggression.

Availability of a precise measuring instrument, preferably based on a physiological response.

Question 8

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Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

Scientists are cautious about accepting claims about behavior until they see the findings published in psychology journals.

Psychological scientists often withhold judgment about findings because they recognize human behavior is complex.

Scientists recognize that researchers can make mistakes in their research.

Scientists strive to draw conclusions based on empirical evidence rather than subjective judgments.

Question 9

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In addition to creating groups of equal size, an advantage of block randomization is that it

Select one:

Averages the effect of the dependent variable across the conditions of the experiment.

Balances potential confoundings that occur during the time in which an experiment is run.

Holds constant the time in which an experiment is run.

Decreases the number of participants needed in each condition.

Question 10

Complete

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A sampling frame in survey research could be considered a

__________ of the population.

Select one:

Operational definition

Biased sample

Probability sample

Representative sample

Midterm Quize2

Question 1

Correct

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When using a repeated measures design, researchers must control the potential threat to internal validity referred to as

Select one:

Sensitivity.

Incomplete orders.

Individual differences variables.

Practice effects.

Question 2

Correct

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In the incomplete repeated measures design, the levels of the independent variable for each participant are perfectly confounded with the

Select one:

Characteristics of the experimental task.

Order in which the levels are presented.

Characteristics of that particular participant.

Individual differences variables in the experiment.

Question 3

Correct

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A researcher compares students' performance using a new learning strategy to their performance using the old strategy. Students' performance is first tested with the old strategy, followed by the new strategy. The results indicate that students perform better with the new strategy. These results

Select one:

Indicate that teachers should use the new strategy.

All of these

Show that the order of the two learning strategies does not matter.

Are uninterpretable due to the confounding with practice effects.

Question 4

Correct

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A researcher plans to conduct a complete repeated measures design in which the independent variable is manipulated using four conditions that vary the level of violence depicted in a photograph (none, low, medium, high). There are 10 photographs in each of the four conditions. Each participant will rate each photo once. If the researcher wishes to have 80 ratings for each photo, how many participants should the researcher recruit?

Select one:

Question 5

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A student is considering doing a complete repeated measures design experiment involving motor skills. The student's advisor has told him that people show a large initial improvement on the task followed by slow steady improvement after this initial change. The student must choose a technique for balancing practice effects. Which technique should the student not use?

Select one:

Block randomization

Latin Square

ABBA counterbalancing

All possible orders

Question 6

Correct

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Each of the three techniques that are used to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design conforms to a general rule that can be stated as

Select one:

Each condition must appear in each ordinal position equally often.

Each condition must appear in the first ordinal position equally often.

Each condition must appear in each ordinal position at least twice.

Each condition must appear in only one ordinal position.

Question 7

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In general, participants in a repeated measures design will vary within themselves less over conditions of the experiment than participants in a random groups design will vary from other participants across conditions. This means there is likely to be ________ in repeated measures designs compared to random groups designs.

Select one:

Less error variation

More bias

More individual differences

Less sensitivity

Question 8

Correct

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A sensitive experiment refers to the ability to detect the effect of the independent variable even if the effect is _________.

Select one:

Large

Small

Uneven

Very large

Question 9

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Balancing the order of conditions in a repeated measures design

Select one:

Equates practice effects with those found in random groups designs.

Balances individual differences variables across the conditions of the experiment.

Averages practice effects across the conditions of the experiment.

Eliminates practice effects in the conditions of the experiment.

Question 10

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In an independent groups design, a separate group of people serves as a control group. In the repeated measures design,

Select one:

There is no control.

All participants participate in one condition of the experiment.

Participants serve as their own controls.

Test-retest reliability is the main goal of the research.

For part 2

Pages

Thursday, June 10, 2021

PSYC6204 Experimental Psychology (Part1)

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